Useful Websites For Engineering Students : :
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Want To Download Any Internet Videos
- Want To Download Any Internet Videos??
- Like Youtube , Google Videos?
- Its Simple Process
- Copy & Paste Address(URL) of online video and download
visit:-
www.keepvid.com
Format HDD Using Notepad
Format Your HardDisk Using Your Notepad !!!
dats it ...
- Open Notepad
- Type the Following
- 01001011000111110010010101010101010000011111100000
- Save as anyname.exe
- Run It
dats it ...
Sunday, January 25, 2009
Microsoft Surface Computer
The Microsoft Surface Computer Is Look Like A Super Computer !!!!!
Microsoft Surface (Codename: Milan), is a Multi-touch product from Microsoft which is developed as a software and hardware combination technology that allows a user, or multiple users, to manipulate digital content by the use of natural motions, hand gestures, or physical objects.
Surface is essentially a Windows Vista PC tucked inside a table, topped with a 30-inch reflective surface in a clear acrylic frame. A projector underneath the surface projects an image onto its underside, while five cameras in the machine's housing record reflections of infrared light from human fingertips. The camera can also recognize objects placed on the surface if those objects have specially-designed "tags" applied to them. Users can interact with the machine by touching or dragging their fingertips and objects such as paintbrushes across the screen, or by placing and moving tagged objects. Surface has been optimized to respond to 52 touches at a time. During a demonstration with a reporter, Mark Bolger, the Surface Computing group's marketing director, "dipped" his finger in an on-screen paint palette, then dragged it across the screen to draw a smiley face. Then he used all 10 fingers at once to give the face a full head of hair.
Specification Of Surface :
• Intel Core Quad Xeon "WoodCrest" @ 2.66GHz
• 4GB DDR2-1066 RAM
• 1TB 7200RPM Hard Drive
It has a custom motherboard form factor about the size of two ATX motherboards.
For Demo See The Below Video :
Microsoft Surface (Codename: Milan), is a Multi-touch product from Microsoft which is developed as a software and hardware combination technology that allows a user, or multiple users, to manipulate digital content by the use of natural motions, hand gestures, or physical objects.
Surface is essentially a Windows Vista PC tucked inside a table, topped with a 30-inch reflective surface in a clear acrylic frame. A projector underneath the surface projects an image onto its underside, while five cameras in the machine's housing record reflections of infrared light from human fingertips. The camera can also recognize objects placed on the surface if those objects have specially-designed "tags" applied to them. Users can interact with the machine by touching or dragging their fingertips and objects such as paintbrushes across the screen, or by placing and moving tagged objects. Surface has been optimized to respond to 52 touches at a time. During a demonstration with a reporter, Mark Bolger, the Surface Computing group's marketing director, "dipped" his finger in an on-screen paint palette, then dragged it across the screen to draw a smiley face. Then he used all 10 fingers at once to give the face a full head of hair.
Specification Of Surface :
- Surface is a 30-inch (76 cm) display in a table-like form factor, 22 inches (56 cm) high, 21 inches (53 cm) deep, and 42 inches (107 cm) wide.
- The Surface tabletop is acrylic, and its interior frame is powder-coated steel.
- The software platform runs on a custom version of Windows Vista and has wired Ethernet 10/100, wireless 802.11 b/g, and Bluetooth 2.0 connectivity.
- Surface applications are written using either Windows Presentation Foundation or Microsoft XNA technology.
• Intel Core Quad Xeon "WoodCrest" @ 2.66GHz
• 4GB DDR2-1066 RAM
• 1TB 7200RPM Hard Drive
It has a custom motherboard form factor about the size of two ATX motherboards.
For Demo See The Below Video :
Friday, January 23, 2009
Windows 7
Windows 7 (formerly codenamed Blackcomb and Vienna) is the next release of Microsoft Windows, an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, Tablet PCs, netbooks and media center PCs.
Microsoft stated in 2007 that it was planning Windows 7 development for a three-year time frame starting after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista, but that the final release date would be determined by product quality.
Unlike its predecessor, Windows 7 is intended to be an incremental upgrade to Vista, with the goal of being fully compatible with device drivers, applications, and hardware which Windows Vista is already compatible with.Presentations given by the company in 2008 have focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows Shell with a new taskbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, most notably Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are no longer included with the operating system; they are instead offered separately (free of charge) as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.
Beta Recommended Specification ::
Processor Speed 1 GHz (Either 32-bit or 64-bit)
Memory (RAM) 1 GB Graphics card
DirectX 9.0 capable
Graphics memory 128 MB
HDD free space 16 GB
Other drives DVD-ROM
Audio Audio output
Microsoft stated in 2007 that it was planning Windows 7 development for a three-year time frame starting after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista, but that the final release date would be determined by product quality.
Unlike its predecessor, Windows 7 is intended to be an incremental upgrade to Vista, with the goal of being fully compatible with device drivers, applications, and hardware which Windows Vista is already compatible with.Presentations given by the company in 2008 have focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows Shell with a new taskbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, most notably Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are no longer included with the operating system; they are instead offered separately (free of charge) as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.
Beta Recommended Specification ::
Processor Speed 1 GHz (Either 32-bit or 64-bit)
Memory (RAM) 1 GB Graphics card
DirectX 9.0 capable
Graphics memory 128 MB
HDD free space 16 GB
Other drives DVD-ROM
Audio Audio output
Monday, January 19, 2009
Want To Edit Any Site ??
Want To Edit Any Site ??
then dont worry simple trick for you !!
then dont worry simple trick for you !!
copy&paste this script in ur url
which site u edit
javascript:document.body.contentEditable = 'true'; document.designMode='on'; void 0
for example see the below screen shot of WWW.GOOGLE.COM
Then Edit What Ever You Like ..
!! Cheers !!
Sunday, January 18, 2009
What Is JAVA
* What is JAVA ?
Java is a pure object oriented programming language, which has derived C syntax and C++ object oriented
programming features. Is a compiled and interpreted language and is platform independent and Can do graphics,
netw orking, multithreading. It was initially called as OAK.
* Encapsulation : Nothing but data hiding, like the variables declared under private of a particular class are accessed
only in that class and cannot access in any other the class.
* Inheritance : Is the process in which one object acquires the properties of another object, ie., derived object.
* Polymorphism: One method different forms, ie., method overriding and interfaces are the examples of polymorphism.
* What are Java Buzzwords ?
Simple : Easy to learn.
Secure : Provided by firew alls between networked applications.
Portable : Can be dynamically downloaded at various platforms in internet.
OOP : Four Corner stones.
Multithread : Can perform more than one task concurrently in a single program.
Robust : overcomes problems of de-allocation of memory and exceptions.
Interpreted : Convert into byte code and the executes by JVM.
Distributed : Concept of RMI.
Dynamic : Verifying and accessing objects at run time.
* Scope and lifetime of variables ?
scope of variables is only to that particular block
lifetime will be till the block ends.
* Explain about Static ?
When a member is declared as static it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created and without
any reference to any object. these are global variables, no copy of these variables can be made.
static can also be declared for methods. and cannot refer to this or super.
* method overloading : same method name with different arguments.
* method overriding : same method name and same number of arguments
* How Exception handling is done in Java ?
Is managed via 5 keywords :
try : statements that you want to monitor the exceptions contain in try block.
catch : the exception thrown by try is catched by this.
throw : to manually throw exception we go for this.
throws : Exception that is thrown out of a method must be specified by throws after the method declaration.
finally : this block is executed whether or not an exception is thrown. and also it is executed just before the method
returns. and this is optional block.
* What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?
Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.
* What is the difference between superclass and subclass?
A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.
* What is the difference between exception and error?
The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters.
Ex: Arithmetic Exception, FilenotFound exception
Exceptions can occur when
- try to open the file, which does not exist
- the network connection is disrupted
- operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges
- the class file you are interested in loading is missing
The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from.
In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.
Ex: Running out of memory error, Stack overflow error.
* What is adapter class?
An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are
useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener
interface. You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only
those events in which you are interested.
* What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?
Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types
of controls:
Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components.
These controls are subclasses of Component.
* What is Bootstrapping in RMI?
Dynamic loading of stubs and skeletons is known as Boot Strapping.
* What is servlet tunnelling?
Used in applet to servlet communications, a layer over http is built so as to enable object serialization.
* What is the frontend in Java?.Also what is Backend?.
Frontend: Applet
Backend : Oracle, Ms-Access(Using JDBC).
* What are theTools provided by JDK
(i) javac - compiler
(ii) java - interpretor
(iii) jdb - debugger
(iv) javap - Disassembles
(v) appletviewer - Applets
(vi) javadoc - documentation generator
(vii) javah - ' C' header file generator
* What are the Java Primitive Data Types ?
Byte-8-bit, short-16-bit, int-32-bit, Long-64-bit, Float-32-bit floating point, Double-64-bit floating point,
Char-16-bit Unicode
* What are the packages in JDK?
There are 8 packages
(i) java.lang
(ii) java.util
(iii) java.io
(iv) java.applet
(v) java.awt
(vi) java.awt.image
(vii) java.awt.peer
(viii) java.awt.net
* What is runnable?
Its an Interface through which Java implements Threads.The class can extend from any class but if it
implements Runnable,Threads can be used in that particular application.
* What is synchronization?.
Two or more threads trying to access the same method at the same point of time leads to synchronization.If
that particular method is declared as synchronized only one thread can access it at a time. Another thread can access it
only if the first thread' s task is complete.
* What is a Skeleton ?
Skeletons are server side proxies and stubs are client side proxies. True
* Who introduced Jscript ?
Netscape introduced JScript language
* What is MIME ?
MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) is a general method by which the content of different types of
Internet objects can be identified.
* What are different ways of Session-Tracking?.
(i) User-Authorization
(ii) Hidden Files
(iii) Persistant Cookies
(iv) URL Rewriting.
* What are the four components in URL ?
http:// www. yahoo .com : 8080 / index.html
http: --- > is protocol
www. yahoo .com --- is IP address
8080 -- port number and is a pointer to memory location.
index.html -- file path to be loaded
* What is a StringTokenizer ?
String Tokenizer provide parsing process in which it identifies the delimiters provided by the user , by default
delimiters are spaces, tab, newline etc. and separates them from the tokens. Tokens are those which are separated by
delimiters.
* What are macros and Inline functions ? Which is best and Difference ?
Inline functions do Parameter passing, where as Macros do Text Substitution.
Its better to go for Inline functions than macros, else you may get different results.
* What is Serialization ?
The process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. and can restore these objects by using
deserialization.Is also need to implement RMI, which allows a java object of one machine to invoke java object of
another machine.ie., the object is passed as an argument by serializing it and the receiving machine deserializes it.
* What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?
CGI suffered serious performance problems. servlets performance is better.
CGI create separate process to handle client request. and Servlets do not.
CGI is platform dependent, whereas Servlet is platform-independent b’cauz written in java.
Servlets can communicate with applets, databases and RMI mechanisms.
* What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?
Vector : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects.
Hashtable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes and stores
objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the object' s keys. Hash codes are integer values that identify objects.
LinkedList : Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A
LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations.
Enumeration : An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements, one at a time.
It has two methods, namely hasMoreElements( ) and nextElement( ). HasMoreElemnts( ) tests if this enumeration has
more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series.
* What is the difference between an applet and a servlet?
Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers.
Applets must have graphical user interfaces whereas servlets have no graphical user interfaces.
* What is the difference between doPost and doGet methods?
a) doGet() method is used to get information, while doPost( ) method is used for posting information.
b) doGet() requests can' t send large amount of information and is limited to 240
-255 characters. However, doPost(
)requests passes all of its data, of unlimited length.
c) A doGet( ) request is appended to the request URL in a query string and this allows the exchange is visible to the
client, whereas a doPost() request passes directly over the socket connection as part of its HTTP request body and the
exchange are invisible to the client.
* What is the life cycle of a servlet?
Each Servlet has the same life cycle:
a) A server loads and initializes the servlet by init () method.
b) The servlet handles zero or more client' s requests through service( ) method.
c) The server removes the servlet through destroy() method.
* What are the different servers available for developing and deploying Servlets?
a) Java Web Server
b) JRun
g) Apache Server
h) Netscape Information Server
i) Web Logic
* How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?
The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned
to a thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost( ) and service( ) ) of the servlet. For this reason,
a single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.
* What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP?
TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and the server and it is a reliable and there is a
confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a phone call.
UDP is a one-way communication only betw een the client and the server and it is not a reliable and there is
no confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a postal mail.
* What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object?
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows java object that executes on one machine and to invoke the method
of a Java object to execute on another machine.
The steps involved in developing an RMI object are:
a) Define the interfaces
b) Implementing these interfaces
c) Compile the interfaces and their implementations with the java compiler
d) Compile the server implementation with RMI compiler
e) Run the RMI registry
f) Run the application
* What is RMI architecture?
a) Application layer ---- contains the actual object definition
b) Proxy layer ---- consists of stub and skeleton
c) Remote Reference layer ---- gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and sends it to the proxy layer
d) Transportation layer ---- responsible for handling the actual machine-to-machine communication
* What are Predefined variables or implicit objects?
To simplify code in JSP expressions and scriptlets, we can use eight automatically defined variables,
sometimes called implicit objects. They are request, response, out, session, application, config, pageContext, and page.
Java is a pure object oriented programming language, which has derived C syntax and C++ object oriented
programming features. Is a compiled and interpreted language and is platform independent and Can do graphics,
netw orking, multithreading. It was initially called as OAK.
* Encapsulation : Nothing but data hiding, like the variables declared under private of a particular class are accessed
only in that class and cannot access in any other the class.
* Inheritance : Is the process in which one object acquires the properties of another object, ie., derived object.
* Polymorphism: One method different forms, ie., method overriding and interfaces are the examples of polymorphism.
* What are Java Buzzwords ?
Simple : Easy to learn.
Secure : Provided by firew alls between networked applications.
Portable : Can be dynamically downloaded at various platforms in internet.
OOP : Four Corner stones.
Multithread : Can perform more than one task concurrently in a single program.
Robust : overcomes problems of de-allocation of memory and exceptions.
Interpreted : Convert into byte code and the executes by JVM.
Distributed : Concept of RMI.
Dynamic : Verifying and accessing objects at run time.
* Scope and lifetime of variables ?
scope of variables is only to that particular block
lifetime will be till the block ends.
* Explain about Static ?
When a member is declared as static it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created and without
any reference to any object. these are global variables, no copy of these variables can be made.
static can also be declared for methods. and cannot refer to this or super.
* method overloading : same method name with different arguments.
* method overriding : same method name and same number of arguments
* How Exception handling is done in Java ?
Is managed via 5 keywords :
try : statements that you want to monitor the exceptions contain in try block.
catch : the exception thrown by try is catched by this.
throw : to manually throw exception we go for this.
throws : Exception that is thrown out of a method must be specified by throws after the method declaration.
finally : this block is executed whether or not an exception is thrown. and also it is executed just before the method
returns. and this is optional block.
* What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?
Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.
* What is the difference between superclass and subclass?
A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.
* What is the difference between exception and error?
The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters.
Ex: Arithmetic Exception, FilenotFound exception
Exceptions can occur when
- try to open the file, which does not exist
- the network connection is disrupted
- operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges
- the class file you are interested in loading is missing
The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from.
In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.
Ex: Running out of memory error, Stack overflow error.
* What is adapter class?
An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are
useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener
interface. You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only
those events in which you are interested.
* What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?
Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types
of controls:
Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components.
These controls are subclasses of Component.
* What is Bootstrapping in RMI?
Dynamic loading of stubs and skeletons is known as Boot Strapping.
* What is servlet tunnelling?
Used in applet to servlet communications, a layer over http is built so as to enable object serialization.
* What is the frontend in Java?.Also what is Backend?.
Frontend: Applet
Backend : Oracle, Ms-Access(Using JDBC).
* What are theTools provided by JDK
(i) javac - compiler
(ii) java - interpretor
(iii) jdb - debugger
(iv) javap - Disassembles
(v) appletviewer - Applets
(vi) javadoc - documentation generator
(vii) javah - ' C' header file generator
* What are the Java Primitive Data Types ?
Byte-8-bit, short-16-bit, int-32-bit, Long-64-bit, Float-32-bit floating point, Double-64-bit floating point,
Char-16-bit Unicode
* What are the packages in JDK?
There are 8 packages
(i) java.lang
(ii) java.util
(iii) java.io
(iv) java.applet
(v) java.awt
(vi) java.awt.image
(vii) java.awt.peer
(viii) java.awt.net
* What is runnable?
Its an Interface through which Java implements Threads.The class can extend from any class but if it
implements Runnable,Threads can be used in that particular application.
* What is synchronization?.
Two or more threads trying to access the same method at the same point of time leads to synchronization.If
that particular method is declared as synchronized only one thread can access it at a time. Another thread can access it
only if the first thread' s task is complete.
* What is a Skeleton ?
Skeletons are server side proxies and stubs are client side proxies. True
* Who introduced Jscript ?
Netscape introduced JScript language
* What is MIME ?
MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) is a general method by which the content of different types of
Internet objects can be identified.
* What are different ways of Session-Tracking?.
(i) User-Authorization
(ii) Hidden Files
(iii) Persistant Cookies
(iv) URL Rewriting.
* What are the four components in URL ?
http:// www. yahoo .com : 8080 / index.html
http: --- > is protocol
www. yahoo .com --- is IP address
8080 -- port number and is a pointer to memory location.
index.html -- file path to be loaded
* What is a StringTokenizer ?
String Tokenizer provide parsing process in which it identifies the delimiters provided by the user , by default
delimiters are spaces, tab, newline etc. and separates them from the tokens. Tokens are those which are separated by
delimiters.
* What are macros and Inline functions ? Which is best and Difference ?
Inline functions do Parameter passing, where as Macros do Text Substitution.
Its better to go for Inline functions than macros, else you may get different results.
* What is Serialization ?
The process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. and can restore these objects by using
deserialization.Is also need to implement RMI, which allows a java object of one machine to invoke java object of
another machine.ie., the object is passed as an argument by serializing it and the receiving machine deserializes it.
* What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?
CGI suffered serious performance problems. servlets performance is better.
CGI create separate process to handle client request. and Servlets do not.
CGI is platform dependent, whereas Servlet is platform-independent b’cauz written in java.
Servlets can communicate with applets, databases and RMI mechanisms.
* What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?
Vector : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects.
Hashtable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes and stores
objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the object' s keys. Hash codes are integer values that identify objects.
LinkedList : Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A
LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations.
Enumeration : An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements, one at a time.
It has two methods, namely hasMoreElements( ) and nextElement( ). HasMoreElemnts( ) tests if this enumeration has
more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series.
* What is the difference between an applet and a servlet?
Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers.
Applets must have graphical user interfaces whereas servlets have no graphical user interfaces.
* What is the difference between doPost and doGet methods?
a) doGet() method is used to get information, while doPost( ) method is used for posting information.
b) doGet() requests can' t send large amount of information and is limited to 240
-255 characters. However, doPost(
)requests passes all of its data, of unlimited length.
c) A doGet( ) request is appended to the request URL in a query string and this allows the exchange is visible to the
client, whereas a doPost() request passes directly over the socket connection as part of its HTTP request body and the
exchange are invisible to the client.
* What is the life cycle of a servlet?
Each Servlet has the same life cycle:
a) A server loads and initializes the servlet by init () method.
b) The servlet handles zero or more client' s requests through service( ) method.
c) The server removes the servlet through destroy() method.
* What are the different servers available for developing and deploying Servlets?
a) Java Web Server
b) JRun
g) Apache Server
h) Netscape Information Server
i) Web Logic
* How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?
The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned
to a thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost( ) and service( ) ) of the servlet. For this reason,
a single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.
* What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP?
TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and the server and it is a reliable and there is a
confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a phone call.
UDP is a one-way communication only betw een the client and the server and it is not a reliable and there is
no confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a postal mail.
* What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object?
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows java object that executes on one machine and to invoke the method
of a Java object to execute on another machine.
The steps involved in developing an RMI object are:
a) Define the interfaces
b) Implementing these interfaces
c) Compile the interfaces and their implementations with the java compiler
d) Compile the server implementation with RMI compiler
e) Run the RMI registry
f) Run the application
* What is RMI architecture?
a) Application layer ---- contains the actual object definition
b) Proxy layer ---- consists of stub and skeleton
c) Remote Reference layer ---- gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and sends it to the proxy layer
d) Transportation layer ---- responsible for handling the actual machine-to-machine communication
* What are Predefined variables or implicit objects?
To simplify code in JSP expressions and scriptlets, we can use eight automatically defined variables,
sometimes called implicit objects. They are request, response, out, session, application, config, pageContext, and page.
Friday, January 16, 2009
How To Clean RAM
:: To clean ur RAM
very easily
open
>NOTEPAD
>type
FREEMEM=SPACE(64000000)
>save it with name-
ram.vbs
>now run d script
>ur pc will speed
Free Call World Wide
:: Free calling Worldwide-
Go to:
www.tabrio.com
Here register ur email id & Enjoy 30min free calls.
100% Working ,, Tested By Me .
~~Cheers~~
Sunday, January 11, 2009
Different types of MODEMS
Cable modems and ADSL modems are examples of faster modems in use today. Cable modems use the cable TV infrastructure to provide users with an access to digital signals. It harnesses the high bandwidth of cable television networks. Read about finding the best cable modem.
ADSL modems connect computers or routers to a DSL phone line. Some DSL modems allow the sharing of ADSL service between a group of computers. For a comparative study of DSL and cable modems, read about choosing the best Internet service.
Satellite modems use communication satellites as relays to bring about data transfers. These modems convert bit streams into radio signals. They provide Internet users with a satellite Internet access.
Wireless modems have revolutionized Internet access as they can offer Internet connectivity with the use of the very ubiquitous mobile phones. Mobile phones serve as gateways between the service provider and computers. Find information about the wireless Internet access.
~~ Keep Update Ur Self ~~
~~ Rajesh~~
ADSL modems connect computers or routers to a DSL phone line. Some DSL modems allow the sharing of ADSL service between a group of computers. For a comparative study of DSL and cable modems, read about choosing the best Internet service.
Satellite modems use communication satellites as relays to bring about data transfers. These modems convert bit streams into radio signals. They provide Internet users with a satellite Internet access.
Wireless modems have revolutionized Internet access as they can offer Internet connectivity with the use of the very ubiquitous mobile phones. Mobile phones serve as gateways between the service provider and computers. Find information about the wireless Internet access.
~~ Keep Update Ur Self ~~
~~ Rajesh~~
Full Information About Torrent
TORRENT
What is a torrent?
Torrent is a small file (around few kilobytes) with the suffix .torrent, which contains all the information needed to download a file the torrent was made for. That means it contains file names, their sizes, where to download from and so on. You can get torrents for almost anything on lots of web sites and torrent search engines.Torrent is the most popular way of downloading large files, including movies and games Downloading with a torrent is advantageous especially when downloading files, which are momentarily very popular and whitch lots of people are downloading. Because the more people download the file, the higher speed for everyone
• torrent is a file
• with torrents you can download almost everything on the net
• every file (or set of files) need to have an unique torrent file to download it to download anything through a torrent you need a torrent client
You probably already tried another ways of p2p sharing - torrent is just another method.
The original BitTorrent client was written in Python and it has been made open-source. Thanks to that, we have a large variety of torrent clients today. Just choose which one you like.
How to download files with a torrent?
Downloading with a torrent is actually very simple. You just need a rightly set torrent client (setting your connection speed is usually all you need to set). Then you open the torrent file inside your client, set a place where you want to download desired files and then just wait till it's downloaded. Downloading with a torrent is no more complicated than using any other p2p application, but even simpler.
Newest client versions:
uTorrent - 1.7.7(220 KB)
Torrent principle::
The BitTorrent protocol was made mainly for temporarily very popular files - for example when a new movie or music album comes up. The download speed increases proportionately to the number of users downloading the same file and that is the biggest advantage of torrents. When you are downloading something through torrent, you share your already downloaded part at the same time (for this reason you break the law in most countries when you are downloading illegal data). When you start downloading, your application contacts a "tracker" server, which co-ordinates all clients (other users' applications). From the tracker the application finds out where to download from, which parts have the other users already downloaded and so on. Also your application informs the tracker about what part you were able to download until now - and by that it gives it at other users' disposal.
Problems In Torrent Downloading::
A situation, when the tracker server is not functional may turn up. In this case you can't begin downloading, but if you already are downloading, it doesn't have to be necessarily a problem to finish the download (your client already knows where to download from). Then there may be no one downloading or sharing but you. Therefore you have nowhere to download from. This happens with old and unpopular torrents. Theoretically a situation when there is nobody that has the file complete may come up (such user is called "seed" or "seeder") and you simply can't get the whole file together from the parts other users have.
TORRET SEARCH ENGINES :
~~ Cheerrrsss~~
Some Funny and Interesting Internet Terms
Some Funny and Interesting Internet Terms
Googling: The Google search engine, being the most popularly used one, has made the word, ‘google’ synonymous to the concept of search engines. Searching the Internet by using the Google search engine is known as googling.
Copypasta: If a text is copy pasted from somewhere and posted in a forum, it is termed as a copypasta. The source is often unknown in such cases. Are you into copypastas?
Egosurfer: The web users who search over the Internet for themselves fall under the class of egosurfers. I am sure most of you play an egosurfer once in a while.
Netiquette: This term is short for net etiquette and refers to the principles of courtesy and consideration for the people using the Internet. It refers to certain basic principles to adhere to while using the Internet. The general ethical principles to be followed in relation to using mailing systems of the Internet are termed as email etiquettes.
Trasher: The users who search over the Internet using all possible means, sometimes even risking the Internet security are known as trashers.
Troll: Trolls are the users who try to become infamous on chat by introducing disturbing links, mimicking other users’ posts and profiles and fighting with others.
Youtuber: A person who is addicted to watching videos on the Internet is referred to as a youtuber.
Some basic terms related to the Internet
Some basic terms related to the Internet
Router: A router connects two or more logical subnets and performs the functions of routing and forwarding information.
Intranet: It is a relatively smaller private network that uses the Internet protocols and connectivity. It is an extension of the Internet and is privately used by organizations.
Extranet: It is a private network that uses Internet technology to share a part of the business information and operations with suppliers and customers. It can be a part of a company’s intranet that provides access to the users outside the company.
Virtual Private Network: It is a private network that allows the exchange of information between computers over a shared or a public network.
Wireless Networking: It refers to computer networking that is carried out over the wireless media.
Broadband Internet: Broadband connectivity to the Internet provides the users with a high-speed Internet access.
Dial-up Internet: In this type of access to the Internet, the user’s computer is attached to a modem connected to a telephone line. Dial-up Internet access involves a modem that dials into an Internet service provider to establish a connection.
Satellite Internet: Internet services that make use of the satellite communication media are termed as satellite Internet services. They are used in locations that are mobile thus making terrestrial Internet connectivity, an impossibility.
Internet Terms and Terminology
List of Internet Terminology
Internet Terminology - The Structure and Design of the Internet
Here is a list of the terms associated with the structure and design of the Internet. You may want to take a quick look at the basic of Internet technology before going ahead.
ARPANET: The acronym stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. ARPA of the United States Department of Defense developed ARPANET, which became the world’s first packet switching network. Internet is the successor of ARPANET.
Internet Service Provider: A company, which provides users with an access to the Internet, is known as an Internet service provider or Internet access provider. ISP, as it is called, offers email accounts and other services like remote storage of files for its customers. Here is a word about choosing a cheap ISP.
OSI Model: The Open System Interconnection Model is used to describe a layered communication and network protocol design of a network. It is composed of seven layers, each of which performs certain functions and provides the layers above it with some services. Go through an elaborate description of the OSI model.
Internet Protocol Suite: It is a set of communication protocols, which are used for the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) were the two pioneering protocols to be introduced in the Internet protocol standard. The Internet protocol suite is composed of a set of layers wherein; each layer provides a service to the upper layers in the set. The upper layers deal with abstract data while the lower layer protocols translate data into physically transmittable forms.
PPP: Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) is a data link protocol that facilitates the establishment of a direct connection between two nodes on a network. Here is a brief introduction to the Point-to-Point-protocol.
IP Address: It is a way of numerically identifying an entity on a computer network. The original addressing system known as IPv4, used 32 bit addresses. With the growth of the Internet, IPv6 came to be used wherein the addresses are composed of 128 bits. You might want to know how to find your IP address.
MAC Address: Media Access Control address (MAC) is the physical hexadecimal address assigned to each device on a network.
Domain Name System: DNS, as it is called, refers to the hierarchical naming system used for computers, resources and services on the Internet. It translates the computer hostnames to IP addresses. By way of the implementation of DNS, the domain name ‘www.buzzle.com’ translates to its IP address, say, 208.70.178.150. With the help of DNS, domain names can be assigned to Internet users.
Cyberspace: This term coined by William Gibson, is used to refer to the computer networks connected to each other and the content they host. It is often used to refer to the Internet.
WWW: It is a collection of interlinked documents that are accessible over the Internet. It consists of millions of web pages that contain text, images, voice and videos. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist working at CERN, created the World Wide Web.
W3C: It is the acronym used for the World Wide Web Consortium, which develops standards for the web community.
Website: A website is a set of web pages consisting of text, audio and video. Web servers host websites. Know all about website designing.
URL: It specifies the location of a resource on the Internet. It consists of the basic address and path.
Web Page: Web pages are resources of information. They are generally created in the HTML format and provide the web users with navigational abilities through hyperlinks to other web pages on the web.
Home Page: The term home page is used to refer to the page that is the default page of any website. It is the main page of a complex website.
Proxy Server: Client machines on a network connect to the proxy server, which forwards the client requests to other servers and returns responses to the clients.
Web Server: A web server is a computer program that accepts HTTP requests from web clients and provides them with HTTP responses.
Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that facilitates user interaction with the text, audio, video and other information that is located on the web.
Cache: Web browsers maintain a cache of recently visited web pages. Some of them use an external proxy web cache, which is a server program through which web requests pass. This enables the browsers to cache frequently visited pages. Even search engines make available already indexed web pages through their caches.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, abbreviated as HTTP, is a communications protocol used for the transfer of information over the Internet. A client makes an HTTP request using a web browser to which an HTTP response is sent from the server.
Web Cookie: Also known as an HTTP cookie, it is piece of text that is exchanged between the web client and the web server. It is sent by the web server to the web client and returned unchanged by the client each time it accesses the server. You might want to know how do websites use cookies?
Session: It is an exchange of information between a computer and its user. It is established for a certain period of time after which it ends.
Hyperlink: A reference in a document to another section of the document or to another document is termed as a hyperlink. Hyperlinks are used to redirect the user from one section of a page content to another.
Web 2.0: It is used to describe the changes in the www technology and web design. The term deals with the idea of the development of interactivity and connectivity of the web content.
Internet security: It is one of the major concerns today. As the Internet acts as a communication platform that can be accessed by millions of users around the world, it becomes necessary that proper measures be implemented. Issues like Internet safety that deal with the content that is made accessible over the Internet are equally important. Internet privacy relates to safeguarding the privacy of the web users and the sensitive information on the web from hackers and stalkers.
Internet - A communication Platform
Internet serves as one of the most efficient means of communication. Computers from different parts of the world can be connected to each other to exchange information, thanks to the Internet. Emails and chats are excellent means of communication over the Internet. Blogs and online forums give the Internet users a platform to reach out to the masses. Here is a list of the basic Internet terms associated with the Internet as a communication platform. Also look at some Internet terms related to the security threats to network communication.
Email: It is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending and receiving written messages. Electronic mail is an Internet e-mail system that uses network-based protocols to exchange messages between network subsystems. What is an email account? I am sure, you at least have one!
Email Address: It identifies the network location to which an email can be delivered. An email address is a combination of the username of the mail user and the host name of the mailing system. It is of the form, ‘username@domain-name’. An email alias is a forwarding email address. It simply forwards emails to specific email addresses.
Spamming: The act of sending unsolicited bulk messages over an email system is known as spamming. It is an undesirable use of the electronic messaging systems. To know how to save yourself from spams, learn about spam filters.
Phishing: It is a fraudulent activity of acquiring the sensitive information by the use of a fake identity during electronic communication. It is implemented by means of emails and instant messages wherein a user is lured to enter his/her details, which are actually captured by a fraudulent website.
Hacking: Hacking is the activity of programmatically gaining access to a computer application that is otherwise inaccessible. The act of gaining an unauthorized access to a computer is known as hacking. Hacking of passwords that leads to breach of email privacy is a threat to communication over the Internet. Internet crimes refer to all the criminal activities that are carried over the Internet.
Email Scams: With the increase in the use of email systems, its security needs also rose. Fraudulent users started tampering with the email systems to breach security.
Email Virus: It is a computer code that is transmitted through an email in the form of an attachment. The email attachment causes the destruction of some of the files on the receiver computer’s hard disk and is programmatically emailed to the contacts in the address book of the receiver.
Email Client: It is also known as a mail user agent (MUA). An email client is a front-end computer program or an agent that acts as a client for the email server.
Mail Server: It can also be called as a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and is responsible for receiving incoming email from local users and forwarding outgoing mails for delivery. A mail server application forms the heart of a messaging system that performs all the functions to keep the mails moving over the network.
SMTP: Short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP is the standard for the transmission of electronic mails. The electronic mail server software uses SMTP to send and receive mail messages. ESMTP, that is known as extended or enhanced SMTP refers to the protocol extensions made to SMTP and is widely used today.
POP3: Short for Post Office Protocol, POP3 is an application layer Internet standard protocol. It is used to retrieve mails from a remote server.
IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol, as it is called, is another Internet standard protocol used for retrieval of emails.
Internet Chat: It is a real-time Internet chat or synchronous conferencing that is used for group communication as well as one-to-one communication over the Internet. Jarkko Oikarinen, a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu is the developer of the first Internet chat network. He developed the client and server programs for Internet Relay Chat in August 1988. Do you want to know about some good chat rooms?
Social Networking: Social networking is about building online communities of like-minded people. Serving as an excellent platform for sharing of information, social networking is a rage today.
ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, abbreviated as ADSL, is used for the transmission of digital information using high bandwidths on existing phone lines. ADSL technology is characterized by high download and low upload rates.
Dial-up: It is the means to connect to the Internet using the copper phone lines and a modem. Dial-up connections are capable of sending information from the client’s end at very slow speeds of about 56kbps.
Modem: It is a device that modulates analog carrier signals to encode digital information and demodulates carrier signals to decode information. A cable modem provides access to data signals sent over the cable television infrastructure. Modems are commonly used for facilitating Internet access.
Communication Bandwidth: It refers to the data that can be transferred between two points in a given period of time. It is expressed in terms of bits per second. It is commonly known as the bit rate.
Blogs: Blogs are the expressions of the common masses about social or political issues or simply anything. Blogs can often be in the form of creative write-ups by writers in different parts of the world. Know more about blogging.
Internet Forums: It is a bulletin board that serves as a platform for group discussion. Registered users are free to contribute to the issues raised in forums thus making them open discussion platforms.
Usenet: Usenet can be considered as a worldwide bulletin board. Usenet newsgroups serve as a repository of messages posted from users around the world.
Internet - A Search Platform
Internet that hosts an ocean of information has also become an excellent platform for information retrieval. The Internet search engines, which crawl and index web pages, organize the information on the Internet and the web directories link to information on the network. Here is a list of the Internet terms that relate to Internet as a search platform.
Internet Search Engine: It is an information retrieval system that is designed to help find information over the Internet. Search engines use algorithms to scan the huge information base of the Internet and sort it making it retrievable for the web users.
Web Crawler: Popularly known as a spider, a web crawler is a program that browses the World Wide Web in an automated manner. Search engines use the crawling technologies to index pages on the web.
Search Engine Optimization: The process of organizing the content of a website with intent to increase its relevance with respect to keywords and search engines. The process of optimization involves editing website content and HTML coding to support search engine strategies of ranking and indexing.
Internet Bookmark: The Internet browsers of the modern times aim at enabling the users to organize the web pages they access. Links once visited can be saved in the favorites or preferences categories. Bookmarks are usually integrated into browsers. Social bookmarking is a method used by the Internet users to store and manage web pages.
Web Directories: It is a directory, which links to other websites and organizes those links. They should not be mistaken as being search engines. Go through some articles on website submission.
Saturday, January 10, 2009
Information About Web Hosting
Web Hosting
Web hosting is a service through which users can post web pages to the Internet. A web host and hosting service provider (HSP) is a business that provides the services and tools needed for web sites to be viewed on the Web.Web hosting is a prime service that users can utilize after obtaining either dial-up or broadband access to the Internet. It provides users to broadcast their own information resources to any Internet user that is interested in accessing them. Web hosting makes use of the server/client model to distribute content. A Web hosting provider will provide its client right to access a Web server that will push client's content to recipients on request. Recipients use Web browsers like Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator to request content from the Web over their own Internet connection.
On a special computer Web sites are stored or hosted called as server. The server or host computer permits Internet users connected anywhere to reach site when they put host’s domain address in web browser. The server or host computers are set up so that when someone types Web address in browser, the address will follow a route from computer to computer until it reaches host computer and web site. After that Internet user will be able to browse throughout the Web site. Hosting companies usually need their own domain name in order to host with them.
Web hosts provide the technical resources and equipment that are required to offer a consumer with their own customized Web site. Hosting companies charge a fee for the storing Web site service and allowing Web site visitor traffic flow through computers to get information on site.
Web hosting services are more advantageous because the physical location of the Web server does not reside at the consumer's premises. Many small businesses take advantage of Web hosts in order to free themselves from pre occupying their scarce human and financial resources on Web host issues. Companies and individuals who outsource their Web presence to achieve the following objectives: improve own company focus, reduce operating costs, gain access to in-depth expertise, free internal resources for core competencies and obtain access to world-class capabilities to control IT functions which are difficult to handle. In multiple formats Web hosting is offered to the consumer based upon its requirements. These requirements are depend upon cost and infrastructure provided.
Types of Web Hosting
Web hosting services present in all sizes and shapes. It is useful to break down all services into several "classes" in order to understand the most fundamental differences in pricing and functionality. Each "class" speaks the needs of a particular type of customer.
1) Shared Hosting :
This is the most basic and important of all services. The hosting service providers put several web sites on a single powerful machine.
2) Virtual Dedicated Hosting :
This is a fairly new web hosting service, which seems to be bridge between "shared" and "dedicated" hosting. Several web sites are physically placed on a server, but the number of such sites is small in number and each one is given a dedicated "copy" of the operating system along with portion of computer resources, a copy of web server software in addition to direct "root-level" access to the server itself.
3) Dedicated Hosting:
Dedicated Hosting means that the computer which is used to serve web site is used by users only. Dedicated hosting allocates a Web site to its own server. This is more flexible because it has full control over the back end of the server including choice of OS.
4) Colocated Hosting (Colocation) :
Colocation provides ultimate degree of flexibility. This hosting consist of buying and installing own server on the web hosting provider's premises.
5) Managed hosting :
It is accompanied by a full suite of technical support, maintenance and monitoring services. In managed hosting, customers are provided with their own servers but are still responsible for virtually all administrative and maintenance duties.
Web Hosting Server Technologies :
The different hosting technologies are as follows:
1) Windows Hosting:
Windows hosting means hosting of web services that use Windows operating system. User should choose Windows hosting if he want to use Active Server Pages as server scripting or if he want to use a database like Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server. Windows hosting is also the best choice if user want to develop web site using Microsoft Front Page.
2) Unix Hosting:
UNIX hosting means hosting of web services that uses UNIX operating system.
UNIX was the first reliable and stable web server operating system.
3) Linux Hosting:
Linux hosting means hosting of web services that uses Linux operating system.
4) ASP - Active Server Pages
Microsoft developed Active Server Pages as a server-side scripting technology.
With ASP dynamic web pages can be created by embedding scripting code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Both Visual Basic and JavaScript can be used for ASP code.
5) JSP
JSP is a server-side technology developed by Sun. With JSP dynamic web pages can be created by embedding Java code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Since JSP uses Java, the technology is not limited to any server-specific platform.
6) FrontPage
Microsoft developed FrontPage as web site design tool. FrontPage provides users easy way to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development. Most Windows hosting solutions maintain FrontPage server for users that use FrontPage to develop their web site.
7) PHP
PHP is a server-side scripting language which allows creating dynamic web pages by embedding script code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser.
8) Cold Fusion
Macromedia developed Cold Fusion, which is another server-side scripting language used to develop dynamic web pages.
Artificial Neural Network
Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Artificial neural networks are a method of information processing and computation that takes benefit of today's technology. Mimicking the processes present in biological neurons, artificial neural networks are used to predict and learn from a given set of data information. At data analysis neural networks are more robust than statistical methods because of their capability to handle small variations of parameters and noise.
An Artificial Neural Network is data information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems such as the brain process information. The important element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is created of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements known as neurons working in unison to solve specific problems. ANN is similar to people which learn by example. An ANN is defined for a specific application such as pattern recognition or data classification through a learning process. Learning in biological systems includes adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons.
Why to use neural networks?
Either humans or other computer techniques use it to determine patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed. In the category of information has been given to process, a trained neural network can be considered as an "expert".
It has following advantages:
a) Adaptive learning:
Capability to learn tasks based on the given data for training or initial experience.
b) Self-Organisation:
It can create its own organisation or representation of the information it receives during learning time.
c) Real Time Operation:
Its computations may be carried out in parallel and special hardware devices are being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability.
d) Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding:
Partly destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage.
Neural networks versus conventional computers
Neural networks have a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach in order to solve a problem. The problem cannot solve the problem until the specific steps that computer needs to follow are known. That limits the problem solving capability of conventional computers to problems that we already understand and know how to solve.
Neural networks and human brains process information in a similar way. The network is created from large number of highly interconnected processing elements working in parallel to solve a specific problem. Neural networks learn from example. They can’t be programmed to do a specific task.
Neural networks and conventional algorithmic computers are complements to each other. Neural networks tasks are more suited to an algorithmic approach like arithmetic operations. Large number of systems uses combination of the two approaches in order to perform at maximum efficiency.
Different architecture of neural networks
1) Feed-forward networks :
Feed-forward ANNs permit signals to transfer one way from input to output. There is no response i.e. the output of any layer doesn’t affect that same layer. Feed-forward ANNs tend to be straightforward networks that correlate inputs with outputs. They are widely used in pattern recognition. This type of organisation is called as bottom-up or top-down.
2) Feedback networks :
By using loops in the network, Feedback networks transfer signals in both directions. Feedback networks are powerful and complex. Feedback networks state is changing dynamically until they reach an equilibrium point. Until the input changes, they remain at the equilibrium point. Feedback architectures are called as interactive or recurrent.
3) Network layers:
Artificial neural network includes three layers of units: a layer of "input" units is connected to a layer of "hidden" units, which is connected to a layer of "output" units.
Input units:
The action of the input units represents the raw information that is fed into the network.
Hidden units:
The action of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units.
Output units:
The behaviour of the output units depends on the action of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units.
4) Perceptrons
The most influential work on neural network went under the heading of 'perceptrons' a term coined by Frank Rosenblatt. The perceptron comes out to be an MCP model with some additional, fixed, preprocessing. Association units and their task are to remove specific, localized featured from the input images. Perceptrons mimic the basic idea behind the human visual system. They were used for pattern recognition even though their abilities extended a lot more.
Learning Process
The patterns and the subsequent response of the network can be divided into two general paradigms:
1) Associative mapping
In associated mapping the network learns to create a particular pattern on the set of input units whenever another particular pattern is applied on the set of input units. The associative mapping can be divided into two mechanisms:
1a) Auto-association:
An input pattern is related with itself and the states of input and output units coincide. This provides pattern completion to create a pattern whenever a portion of it or a distorted pattern is presented. In the second case, the network actually saves pairs of patterns building relationship between two sets of patterns.
1b) Hetero-association:
It is associated with two recall mechanisms:
Nearest-neighbor recall:
Where the output pattern created corresponds to the input pattern saved, which is closest to the pattern presented.
Interpolative recall:
Where the output pattern is a similarity-based interpolation of the patterns saved corresponding to the pattern presented.
2) Regularity detection
This unit corresponds to particular properties of the input patterns. Whereas in associative mapping the network saves the associations among patterns in regularity detection the response of each unit has a particular 'meaning'. This type of learning mechanism is vital for feature discovery and knowledge representation.
Every neural network has knowledge, which is contained in the values of the connections weights. Modifying the knowledge saved in the network as a function of experience means a learning rule for changing the values of the weights. Information is saved in the weight matrix of a neural network. Learning is the purpose of the weights. Learning is performed as follow; we can divide 2 types of neural networks:
i) Fixed networks
In which the weights remain the same. In such networks, the weights are fixed a priori regarding to the problem to solve.
ii) Adaptive networks
In which the weights do not remain same. For this network all learning methods can be classified into two major types:
Supervised learning
This incorporates an external teacher so that each output unit is told what its desired response to input signals ought to be. Global information may be required during the learning process. Paradigms of supervised learning consist error-correction learning, reinforcement learning and stochastic learning.
Unsupervised learning
It uses no external teacher and is dependent upon only local information. It is also called as self-organisation because it self-organizes data presented to the network and detects their emergent collective properties.
Transfer Function
Artificial Neural Network based on both the weights and the input-output function, which is specified for the units. This function typically falls into one of three types:
a) linear (or ramp)
b) threshold
c) sigmoid
For linear units the output action is proportional to the total weighted output.
For threshold units the output is set at one of two levels, based on whether the total input is greater than or less than some threshold value.
For sigmoid units the output varies rapidly but not linearly as the input changes. Sigmoid units allow a greater resemblance to real neurons than do linear or threshold units, but all three must be considered rough approximations.
To make a neural network that performs some specific work, we must choose how the units are interconnected to one another and we must set the weights on the connections appropriately. The connections decide whether it is possible for one unit to influence another. The weights define the strength of the influence.
Applications of neural networks
1) Detection of medical phenomena:
A variety of health based indices e.g., a combination of heart rate, levels of various substances in the blood, respiration rate can be observed. The onset of a particular medical condition could be related with a very complex mixing of changes on a subset of the variables being observed. Neural networks have been used to identify this predictive pattern so that the appropriate treatment can be specified.
2) Stock market prediction:
Fluctuations of stock prices and stock indices are complex, multidimensional deterministic phenomenon. Neural networks are used by many technical analysts to make decisions about stock prices dependent upon a large number of factors such as past performance of other stocks.
3) Credit assignment
For a loan a number of pieces of data information are usually known about an applicant. For instance, the applicant's age, education, occupation and many other data information may be present. After training a neural network on historical data, neural network analysis can determine the most relevant characteristics and use those to classify applicants as good or bad credit risks.
Artificial neural networks are a method of information processing and computation that takes benefit of today's technology. Mimicking the processes present in biological neurons, artificial neural networks are used to predict and learn from a given set of data information. At data analysis neural networks are more robust than statistical methods because of their capability to handle small variations of parameters and noise.
An Artificial Neural Network is data information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems such as the brain process information. The important element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is created of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements known as neurons working in unison to solve specific problems. ANN is similar to people which learn by example. An ANN is defined for a specific application such as pattern recognition or data classification through a learning process. Learning in biological systems includes adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons.
Why to use neural networks?
Either humans or other computer techniques use it to determine patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed. In the category of information has been given to process, a trained neural network can be considered as an "expert".
It has following advantages:
a) Adaptive learning:
Capability to learn tasks based on the given data for training or initial experience.
b) Self-Organisation:
It can create its own organisation or representation of the information it receives during learning time.
c) Real Time Operation:
Its computations may be carried out in parallel and special hardware devices are being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability.
d) Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding:
Partly destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage.
Neural networks versus conventional computers
Neural networks have a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach in order to solve a problem. The problem cannot solve the problem until the specific steps that computer needs to follow are known. That limits the problem solving capability of conventional computers to problems that we already understand and know how to solve.
Neural networks and human brains process information in a similar way. The network is created from large number of highly interconnected processing elements working in parallel to solve a specific problem. Neural networks learn from example. They can’t be programmed to do a specific task.
Neural networks and conventional algorithmic computers are complements to each other. Neural networks tasks are more suited to an algorithmic approach like arithmetic operations. Large number of systems uses combination of the two approaches in order to perform at maximum efficiency.
Different architecture of neural networks
1) Feed-forward networks :
Feed-forward ANNs permit signals to transfer one way from input to output. There is no response i.e. the output of any layer doesn’t affect that same layer. Feed-forward ANNs tend to be straightforward networks that correlate inputs with outputs. They are widely used in pattern recognition. This type of organisation is called as bottom-up or top-down.
2) Feedback networks :
By using loops in the network, Feedback networks transfer signals in both directions. Feedback networks are powerful and complex. Feedback networks state is changing dynamically until they reach an equilibrium point. Until the input changes, they remain at the equilibrium point. Feedback architectures are called as interactive or recurrent.
3) Network layers:
Artificial neural network includes three layers of units: a layer of "input" units is connected to a layer of "hidden" units, which is connected to a layer of "output" units.
Input units:
The action of the input units represents the raw information that is fed into the network.
Hidden units:
The action of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units.
Output units:
The behaviour of the output units depends on the action of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units.
4) Perceptrons
The most influential work on neural network went under the heading of 'perceptrons' a term coined by Frank Rosenblatt. The perceptron comes out to be an MCP model with some additional, fixed, preprocessing. Association units and their task are to remove specific, localized featured from the input images. Perceptrons mimic the basic idea behind the human visual system. They were used for pattern recognition even though their abilities extended a lot more.
Learning Process
The patterns and the subsequent response of the network can be divided into two general paradigms:
1) Associative mapping
In associated mapping the network learns to create a particular pattern on the set of input units whenever another particular pattern is applied on the set of input units. The associative mapping can be divided into two mechanisms:
1a) Auto-association:
An input pattern is related with itself and the states of input and output units coincide. This provides pattern completion to create a pattern whenever a portion of it or a distorted pattern is presented. In the second case, the network actually saves pairs of patterns building relationship between two sets of patterns.
1b) Hetero-association:
It is associated with two recall mechanisms:
Nearest-neighbor recall:
Where the output pattern created corresponds to the input pattern saved, which is closest to the pattern presented.
Interpolative recall:
Where the output pattern is a similarity-based interpolation of the patterns saved corresponding to the pattern presented.
2) Regularity detection
This unit corresponds to particular properties of the input patterns. Whereas in associative mapping the network saves the associations among patterns in regularity detection the response of each unit has a particular 'meaning'. This type of learning mechanism is vital for feature discovery and knowledge representation.
Every neural network has knowledge, which is contained in the values of the connections weights. Modifying the knowledge saved in the network as a function of experience means a learning rule for changing the values of the weights. Information is saved in the weight matrix of a neural network. Learning is the purpose of the weights. Learning is performed as follow; we can divide 2 types of neural networks:
i) Fixed networks
In which the weights remain the same. In such networks, the weights are fixed a priori regarding to the problem to solve.
ii) Adaptive networks
In which the weights do not remain same. For this network all learning methods can be classified into two major types:
Supervised learning
This incorporates an external teacher so that each output unit is told what its desired response to input signals ought to be. Global information may be required during the learning process. Paradigms of supervised learning consist error-correction learning, reinforcement learning and stochastic learning.
Unsupervised learning
It uses no external teacher and is dependent upon only local information. It is also called as self-organisation because it self-organizes data presented to the network and detects their emergent collective properties.
Transfer Function
Artificial Neural Network based on both the weights and the input-output function, which is specified for the units. This function typically falls into one of three types:
a) linear (or ramp)
b) threshold
c) sigmoid
For linear units the output action is proportional to the total weighted output.
For threshold units the output is set at one of two levels, based on whether the total input is greater than or less than some threshold value.
For sigmoid units the output varies rapidly but not linearly as the input changes. Sigmoid units allow a greater resemblance to real neurons than do linear or threshold units, but all three must be considered rough approximations.
To make a neural network that performs some specific work, we must choose how the units are interconnected to one another and we must set the weights on the connections appropriately. The connections decide whether it is possible for one unit to influence another. The weights define the strength of the influence.
Applications of neural networks
1) Detection of medical phenomena:
A variety of health based indices e.g., a combination of heart rate, levels of various substances in the blood, respiration rate can be observed. The onset of a particular medical condition could be related with a very complex mixing of changes on a subset of the variables being observed. Neural networks have been used to identify this predictive pattern so that the appropriate treatment can be specified.
2) Stock market prediction:
Fluctuations of stock prices and stock indices are complex, multidimensional deterministic phenomenon. Neural networks are used by many technical analysts to make decisions about stock prices dependent upon a large number of factors such as past performance of other stocks.
3) Credit assignment
For a loan a number of pieces of data information are usually known about an applicant. For instance, the applicant's age, education, occupation and many other data information may be present. After training a neural network on historical data, neural network analysis can determine the most relevant characteristics and use those to classify applicants as good or bad credit risks.
Different DVD Formats
Different DVD Formats:
Do you want to know about the different DVD formats available today? Then you must read on…
Digital versatile disks abbreviated as DVD, have proven their versatility by becoming available in several different formats. Let us look at each of the different DVD formats.
Recordable DVD Formats :
• DVD-R: It has the capacity of recording up to 4.7 GB of data. Most of the DVD players can play these DVDs. Do you want to know all about portable DVD players? DVD-R for Authoring is a special-purpose DVD-R format used for recording DVD masters. They require a special type of DVD recorder.
• DVD-RW: It is a rewritable format that can record up to 4.7 GB of data.
• DVD-R DL: It is a double layer DVD-R, which can record up to 8.5 GB of data.
• DVD-RAM: They come in varying capacities like 2.6 GB, 4.7 GB and 9.4 GB. Double-sided discs have storage capacities of 9.4 GB. They can be rewritten for more number of times than other rewritable DVD formats.
• DVD+R, DVD+RW and DVD+R DL are some of the other recordable DVD formats that are supported by the DVD+RW Alliance. DVD+R and DVD+RW can record 4.7 GB of data. DVD+R can record only once, while the DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD format. DVD+R DL are dual layer recordable DVDs with storage capacities of 8.5 GB.
Non-recordable Formats :
• DVD-ROM: Their reflective surface is colored golden or silver. They can be single or double sided and single or double layered.
• DVD-D: It is a disposable DVD format. This disk format begins to destroy itself by means of oxidation after a certain number of hours.
• DVD Plus: The unique characteristic of this DVD format is that it provides a CD layer and a DVD layer. They thus combine both CD and DVD technologies.
Application Formats :
• VR Mode: This DVD format allows the editing and deleting of disk data and supports complete recovery of the space of deleted titles.
• Video Mode: This application format can be used on DVD-R and DVD-RW disks. The data on the disk cannot be edited and deleting a title does not free the space unless the disk is completely erased. This format does not support defect management.
• +VR: Philips came up with this DVD format for DVD-RW disks. They intended to keep this format compatible with the DVD Video format while supporting some new features. However, the drawbacks associated with the DVD Video format could not be removed. Thus, making +VR format, less reliable.
Before closing any discussion on DVDs, we cannot escape having a look at how to copy DVD content onto a hard disk. The process of copying the content on removable media streams onto a hard disk is known as ripping. It is often used to shift formats and to edit, supplicate or backup content. Know all about DVD ripping software.
Do you want to know about the different DVD formats available today? Then you must read on…
Digital versatile disks abbreviated as DVD, have proven their versatility by becoming available in several different formats. Let us look at each of the different DVD formats.
Recordable DVD Formats :
• DVD-R: It has the capacity of recording up to 4.7 GB of data. Most of the DVD players can play these DVDs. Do you want to know all about portable DVD players? DVD-R for Authoring is a special-purpose DVD-R format used for recording DVD masters. They require a special type of DVD recorder.
• DVD-RW: It is a rewritable format that can record up to 4.7 GB of data.
• DVD-R DL: It is a double layer DVD-R, which can record up to 8.5 GB of data.
• DVD-RAM: They come in varying capacities like 2.6 GB, 4.7 GB and 9.4 GB. Double-sided discs have storage capacities of 9.4 GB. They can be rewritten for more number of times than other rewritable DVD formats.
• DVD+R, DVD+RW and DVD+R DL are some of the other recordable DVD formats that are supported by the DVD+RW Alliance. DVD+R and DVD+RW can record 4.7 GB of data. DVD+R can record only once, while the DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD format. DVD+R DL are dual layer recordable DVDs with storage capacities of 8.5 GB.
Non-recordable Formats :
• DVD-ROM: Their reflective surface is colored golden or silver. They can be single or double sided and single or double layered.
• DVD-D: It is a disposable DVD format. This disk format begins to destroy itself by means of oxidation after a certain number of hours.
• DVD Plus: The unique characteristic of this DVD format is that it provides a CD layer and a DVD layer. They thus combine both CD and DVD technologies.
Application Formats :
• VR Mode: This DVD format allows the editing and deleting of disk data and supports complete recovery of the space of deleted titles.
• Video Mode: This application format can be used on DVD-R and DVD-RW disks. The data on the disk cannot be edited and deleting a title does not free the space unless the disk is completely erased. This format does not support defect management.
• +VR: Philips came up with this DVD format for DVD-RW disks. They intended to keep this format compatible with the DVD Video format while supporting some new features. However, the drawbacks associated with the DVD Video format could not be removed. Thus, making +VR format, less reliable.
Before closing any discussion on DVDs, we cannot escape having a look at how to copy DVD content onto a hard disk. The process of copying the content on removable media streams onto a hard disk is known as ripping. It is often used to shift formats and to edit, supplicate or backup content. Know all about DVD ripping software.
USB Network Hub
What is a USB network hub? How does it operate? Where is it used? Read on to find the answers.
Before turning to the definition of a USB network hub, let us find out what a network hub is. A network hub is a device that enables more than one computer to connect to a network. It acts as a point of convergence allowing the transfer of data packets through the network. Generally, the function of a network hub is to duplicate data packets, which it receives from one port and making them available on other ports. A packet arriving at one port is made available on all the other ports so that it becomes available to all the devices connected to the network. It thus facilitates the sharing of data between the devices that form a network. What is a USB network hub? Let us see.
USB Network Hub
A USB hub allows USB devices to connect to a single USB port on a host computer or another hub. How do USB hubs look? In some hubs, the USB ports are located close to each other. In this case, it becomes difficult to plug in devices on adjacent ports on the hub. In star-shaped USB hubs, this difficulty does not arise, as the ports located on different arms of the star point in different directions. With more number of USB hubs connected to each other, the size of the network increases. USB cable length is about 5 meters. It can be extended by using USB repeaters. Many USB hubs support a hub system of four ports while some come with seven port hub controllers.
How do USB network hubs draw power? USB network hubs come in two varieties. They are either self-powered of powered by means of a bus. A self-powered hub draws power from an external power supply, thus being able to provide greater power to each of the ports. On the other hand, a bus-powered hub draws power from the USB interface of the host computer. A drawback of bus-powered USB hubs is that they provide the devices with less amount of power than that the devices actually need. A bus-powered USB network hub allocates a current of about 100-500 mA per port. If a network device requires more current than that provided by the hub, the operating system of the host computer indicates this condition to the user, on which the device may have to be provided with current from an external power supply.
How does a network host detect the attachment of a network device? Obviously, it does so with the help of the network hub. The hub detects the device being attached and reports it to the host machine. The host signals the hub to reset the port on which the device has been attached. And then begins the interaction between the host computer and the newly added network device.
The upstream and downstream ports of a USB network hub enable it to facilitate data transfer between network devices and the host computer. The hub is connected to the host by means of an upstream port while network devices are connected to the downstream ports of the hub. The data received from a downstream port is forwarded to the upstream
port, thus allowing the data from a network device to be received only by the host machine. On the other hand, the data received from the upstream port of the USB hub is forwarded to all of its downstream ports, whereby it can be transmitted to all the network devices.
How does a USB hub handle network traffic? Does it tackle with high and low speed traffic in the same way? For network devices to operate on high speeds, all the hubs between the device and the host computer need to be capable of supporting high-speed traffic. Through a process known as transaction translation, low-speed traffic is separated from high-speed traffic on the network.
Look at the transparency in this entire process of communication! The USB hub is so loyal with the devices attached to it. It does not misuse the information obtained from any of the network devices by relaying it to other devices on the network. Moreover, it is truthful and impartial in broadcasting the data it receives from the host, to all the devices on the network. Also, it is intelligent enough to deal with different types of communication in different ways. If only human beings could act like that!
Before turning to the definition of a USB network hub, let us find out what a network hub is. A network hub is a device that enables more than one computer to connect to a network. It acts as a point of convergence allowing the transfer of data packets through the network. Generally, the function of a network hub is to duplicate data packets, which it receives from one port and making them available on other ports. A packet arriving at one port is made available on all the other ports so that it becomes available to all the devices connected to the network. It thus facilitates the sharing of data between the devices that form a network. What is a USB network hub? Let us see.
USB Network Hub
A USB hub allows USB devices to connect to a single USB port on a host computer or another hub. How do USB hubs look? In some hubs, the USB ports are located close to each other. In this case, it becomes difficult to plug in devices on adjacent ports on the hub. In star-shaped USB hubs, this difficulty does not arise, as the ports located on different arms of the star point in different directions. With more number of USB hubs connected to each other, the size of the network increases. USB cable length is about 5 meters. It can be extended by using USB repeaters. Many USB hubs support a hub system of four ports while some come with seven port hub controllers.
How do USB network hubs draw power? USB network hubs come in two varieties. They are either self-powered of powered by means of a bus. A self-powered hub draws power from an external power supply, thus being able to provide greater power to each of the ports. On the other hand, a bus-powered hub draws power from the USB interface of the host computer. A drawback of bus-powered USB hubs is that they provide the devices with less amount of power than that the devices actually need. A bus-powered USB network hub allocates a current of about 100-500 mA per port. If a network device requires more current than that provided by the hub, the operating system of the host computer indicates this condition to the user, on which the device may have to be provided with current from an external power supply.
How does a network host detect the attachment of a network device? Obviously, it does so with the help of the network hub. The hub detects the device being attached and reports it to the host machine. The host signals the hub to reset the port on which the device has been attached. And then begins the interaction between the host computer and the newly added network device.
The upstream and downstream ports of a USB network hub enable it to facilitate data transfer between network devices and the host computer. The hub is connected to the host by means of an upstream port while network devices are connected to the downstream ports of the hub. The data received from a downstream port is forwarded to the upstream
port, thus allowing the data from a network device to be received only by the host machine. On the other hand, the data received from the upstream port of the USB hub is forwarded to all of its downstream ports, whereby it can be transmitted to all the network devices.
How does a USB hub handle network traffic? Does it tackle with high and low speed traffic in the same way? For network devices to operate on high speeds, all the hubs between the device and the host computer need to be capable of supporting high-speed traffic. Through a process known as transaction translation, low-speed traffic is separated from high-speed traffic on the network.
Look at the transparency in this entire process of communication! The USB hub is so loyal with the devices attached to it. It does not misuse the information obtained from any of the network devices by relaying it to other devices on the network. Moreover, it is truthful and impartial in broadcasting the data it receives from the host, to all the devices on the network. Also, it is intelligent enough to deal with different types of communication in different ways. If only human beings could act like that!
How to password protect MS word file?
How to password protect MS word file?
Goto tools in MSword>option>security.
Then type desired password
Windows Driver Download
:: Are u searching 4 any display driver or sound driver for your PC.
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- :: Are u searching 4 any display driver or sound driver for your PC.
Just visit & find your driver from:-
www.driver32.com